Drainage Basin System and Water Cycle
The drainage basin system is an integral part of the water cycle, encompassing the area drained by a river and its tributaries. This system involves complex interactions between various components of the hydrological cycle.
Key elements of the drainage basin system include:
- Inputs: Precipitation is the primary input of water into the system.
- Stores: Water is stored in various forms, including surface storage, soil moisture, and groundwater.
- Transfers: Water moves through the system via processes such as infiltration, percolation, and overland flow.
- Outputs: Water leaves the system through river discharge and evapotranspiration.
Vocabulary: Evapotranspiration is the process by which water is transferred from land to the atmosphere through evaporation from surfaces (e.g., lakes) and transpiration from plants.
Drainage basin system water cycle diagram components:
- Precipitation
- Interception
- Surface runoff
- Evaporation
- Surface storage
- Overland flow
- Soil moisture
- Infiltration
- Groundwater
- Percolation
- Throughflow
Highlight: 97% of Earth's water is stored in seas and oceans, while only 0.3% is fresh water on the surface as part of the drainage basin system.
Key features of a drainage basin system water cycle map include:
- Watershed: The boundary between drainage basins
- Source: The starting point of rivers
- Tributary: A stream that flows into a larger river
- Confluence: The point where two rivers meet
- River mouth: Where the river enters the sea
Rivers can be divided into upper, middle, and lower courses, each with distinct characteristics in terms of gradient, load (sediment carried), discharge (amount of water passing a point at a given time), and river energy.
Definition: Gradient refers to the slope over which the river loses height.