Page 2: Microbial Culture and Osmosis Experiments

This section covers two major practical procedures: culturing microorganisms and investigating osmosis in plant tissue. The microbial culture protocol emphasizes sterile technique and proper incubation conditions.

Vocabulary: Inoculating loop - A sterilized tool used to transfer microorganisms to growth medium.

Highlight: Petri dishes are incubated upside down to prevent condensation from disrupting bacterial colonies.

The osmosis investigation uses potato tissue to demonstrate the effects of different sugar concentrations on cell volume and mass.

Definition: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Page 1: Using an Optical Microscope

The first page outlines the fundamental components and operation of an optical microscope for biological specimen examination. The microscope features multiple objective lenses with different magnifications (4x, 10x, 40x), along with coarse and fine focusing mechanisms for precise image clarity.

Definition: Total magnification is calculated by multiplying eyepiece magnification (10x) by the objective lens magnification.

Example: Using a 40x objective lens with a 10x eyepiece gives 400x total magnification.

Highlight: Always start with the lowest power objective lens (4x) and gradually increase magnification after achieving initial focus.

The detailed procedure involves securing the slide with clips, selecting appropriate magnification, and using both coarse and fine focusing dials to achieve optimal image clarity.