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Mitosis and the cell cycle

Mitosis and Growth: Easy Steps for Young Scientists

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Mitosis and Growth: Easy Steps for Young Scientists
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Emily Ranson

@emilyranson_pdyz

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608 Followers

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The cell cycle and growth processes in living organisms, focusing on mitosis process in cell division step by step and cellular differentiation. This fundamental biological process involves:

• Mitosis phases in order including interphase and the four main stages of division
• Growth mechanisms in both plants and animals, highlighting the difference between growth in plants and animals
• The crucial role of stem cells in differentiation and their importance in organism development
• Detailed examination of cell structures and transport mechanisms
• Understanding of genetic material and DNA replication

03/04/2023

403

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

View

Cell Division: Meiosis and Mitosis

This section compares meiosis and mitosis, two types of cell division.

Meiosis results in the formation of four genetically non-identical daughter cells. It is used in sexual reproduction.

Definition: Mitosis process in cell division results in the formation of two identical daughter cells and is used in asexual reproduction.

The document provides a step-by-step comparison of meiosis and mitosis:

  1. Cells split: Each cell has a pair of chromosomes that replicate and separate.
  2. Further cell splitting: In mitosis, two identical cells are produced. In meiosis, the diploid cell divides again.
  3. Haploid cells created (meiosis only): This creates four genetically different gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
  4. Gametes fertilize (sexual reproduction): The male gamete fertilizes the female gamete, restoring the normal number of chromosomes.

The Genome

The genome section covers key genetic concepts:

Definition: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a double helix polymer, forming a twisted ladder shape.

Genes are small sections of DNA that code for a sequence of amino acids.

Chromosomes are long strands of DNA that contain many genes.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

View

Microscopy and Cell Structure

This section covers microscopic examination of cells and their components.

Definition: Magnification shows how much larger an image appears compared to its actual size.

Vocabulary: Eukaryotic cell - A cell containing a defined nucleus.

Example: Total magnification is calculated by multiplying eyepiece and objective lens magnifications.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

View

Alleles and Genetic Engineering

This final section covers the concept of alleles and introduces genetic engineering.

Alleles are different versions of the same gene. They can be classified as:

  1. Dominant alleles: Always expressed, regardless of the other allele present
  2. Recessive alleles: Only expressed if the other allele is also recessive

Vocabulary: An allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Genetic engineering is a field that allows for the manipulation of genes for various purposes. One example is the insertion of the insulin-producing gene into bacteria to produce human insulin for medical use.

Highlight: Genetic engineering has revolutionized many fields, including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology, by allowing scientists to modify organisms' genetic makeup for specific purposes.

This overview of cell division, growth, and genetics provides a foundation for understanding complex biological processes and their applications in modern science and medicine.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

View

Mitosis and Cell Cycle

This section provides an overview of the mitosis process in cell division step by step and the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of two main stages: interphase and mitosis. Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.

During mitosis, a diploid parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Interphase precedes mitosis and involves the production of extra subcellular parts and DNA replication.

Definition: Asexual reproduction is a process that uses one parent to create offspring that are clones, relying on mitosis.

Asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction but results in no variation among offspring.

Highlight: The 4 stages of mitosis are not explicitly mentioned in this section, but they are typically prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Growth in Animals

Animal growth involves an increase in size due to an increase in the number or size of cells. There are two main stages in animal growth:

  1. Cell division
  2. Cell differentiation

Definition: Cell differentiation is the process where cells become specialized for specific functions.

Growth in Plants

Plant growth occurs in three stages:

  1. Cell division
  2. Elongation
  3. Differentiation

Growth in plants can be measured by height, leaf surface area, or mass. Percentage change is often used for calculations.

Highlight: Plants have meristems, which are groups of cells at the ends of shoots and roots that divide rapidly by mitosis.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

View

Plant Cell Types and Stem Cells

This section discusses specialized plant cells and introduces the concept of stem cells.

Root hair cells are adapted to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil. They have a large surface area to facilitate this function.

Xylem cells transport water up a plant. They are adapted by being dead cells with thick walls and containing pores.

Definition: Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

In plants, stem cells are found in meristems. In animals, there are two types of stem cells:

  1. Embryonic stem cells
  2. Adult stem cells

Highlight: Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of specialized cell, while adult stem cells can only differentiate into the type of specialized cell found in the surrounding tissue.

The Nervous System

The nervous system is an organ system that allows the body to communicate using electrical signals called impulses. Key components include:

  • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • Receptors
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Relay neurons

Vocabulary: Neurotransmission refers to the speed at which impulses travel through the nervous system.

Effectors are parts of the body that carry out responses to stimuli.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

View

Genome Sequencing and Variation

This section explores the applications of genome sequencing and the sources of genetic variation.

Genome sequencing has several important applications:

  1. Gene therapy: Allows for the treatment of genetic disorders by manipulating genes
  2. Personalized medicine: Enables doctors to tailor treatments based on a patient's genetic profile
  3. Gene identification: Helps identify genes linked to various disorders, allowing for informed lifestyle decisions
  4. Improved understanding of inherited diseases: Enhances our knowledge of genetic conditions and potential treatments

Example: Knowing a patient's genetic predisposition to certain medications can help doctors choose the most effective and least harmful treatments.

Genetic variation arises from two main sources:

  1. Genetics: All genetic variation results from mutations, some of which are inherited
  2. Environment: The conditions in which organisms develop can influence their characteristics

Definition: A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence, which can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to an organism.

Mutations can have various outcomes:

  • Undesirable changes: Most mutations are detrimental to protein function
  • Survival advantages: Rarely, mutations may provide benefits, such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria
I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

View

Genome Sequencing and Its Applications

This section discusses the applications of genome sequencing:

  1. Gene therapy: The human genome project has been useful for developing gene therapies.
  2. Personalized medicine: Knowing a patient's genome can help doctors choose the most effective medications.
  3. Gene identification: Identifying genes linked to different disorders allows those at risk to make informed lifestyle decisions.
  4. Improving understanding of inherited diseases: This leads to better treatment approaches.

Variation and Mutation

Variation in organisms comes from two main sources:

  1. Genetics: All genetic variation results from mutations, some of which are inherited.
  2. Environment: The conditions in which organisms develop.

Definition: A mutation is a change in genetic material that can be either undesirable or provide a survival advantage.

Most mutations are detrimental to protein function, but rarely, they may provide a survival advantage, such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Alleles

Alleles are different versions of the same gene. There are two types:

  1. Dominant alleles: Always expressed, regardless of the other allele's identity.
  2. Recessive alleles: Only expressed if the other allele is also recessive.

Genetic Engineering

The document briefly introduces genetic engineering, mentioning the insertion of insulin-producing genes into bacteria as an example.

Highlight: This section could be expanded to include more information on the role of stem cells in differentiation and the process of how stem cells differentiate into specialized cells.

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I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.

Subjects

/

Biology

/

Cell biology

/

Cell divison

/

Mitosis and the cell cycle

Mitosis and Growth: Easy Steps for Young Scientists

user profile picture

Emily Ranson

@emilyranson_pdyz

·

608 Followers

Follow

The cell cycle and growth processes in living organisms, focusing on mitosis process in cell division step by step and cellular differentiation. This fundamental biological process involves:

• Mitosis phases in order including interphase and the four main stages of division
• Growth mechanisms in both plants and animals, highlighting the difference between growth in plants and animals
• The crucial role of stem cells in differentiation and their importance in organism development
• Detailed examination of cell structures and transport mechanisms
• Understanding of genetic material and DNA replication

03/04/2023

403

 

11

 

Biology

8

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

Cell Division: Meiosis and Mitosis

This section compares meiosis and mitosis, two types of cell division.

Meiosis results in the formation of four genetically non-identical daughter cells. It is used in sexual reproduction.

Definition: Mitosis process in cell division results in the formation of two identical daughter cells and is used in asexual reproduction.

The document provides a step-by-step comparison of meiosis and mitosis:

  1. Cells split: Each cell has a pair of chromosomes that replicate and separate.
  2. Further cell splitting: In mitosis, two identical cells are produced. In meiosis, the diploid cell divides again.
  3. Haploid cells created (meiosis only): This creates four genetically different gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
  4. Gametes fertilize (sexual reproduction): The male gamete fertilizes the female gamete, restoring the normal number of chromosomes.

The Genome

The genome section covers key genetic concepts:

Definition: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a double helix polymer, forming a twisted ladder shape.

Genes are small sections of DNA that code for a sequence of amino acids.

Chromosomes are long strands of DNA that contain many genes.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

Microscopy and Cell Structure

This section covers microscopic examination of cells and their components.

Definition: Magnification shows how much larger an image appears compared to its actual size.

Vocabulary: Eukaryotic cell - A cell containing a defined nucleus.

Example: Total magnification is calculated by multiplying eyepiece and objective lens magnifications.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

Alleles and Genetic Engineering

This final section covers the concept of alleles and introduces genetic engineering.

Alleles are different versions of the same gene. They can be classified as:

  1. Dominant alleles: Always expressed, regardless of the other allele present
  2. Recessive alleles: Only expressed if the other allele is also recessive

Vocabulary: An allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Genetic engineering is a field that allows for the manipulation of genes for various purposes. One example is the insertion of the insulin-producing gene into bacteria to produce human insulin for medical use.

Highlight: Genetic engineering has revolutionized many fields, including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology, by allowing scientists to modify organisms' genetic makeup for specific purposes.

This overview of cell division, growth, and genetics provides a foundation for understanding complex biological processes and their applications in modern science and medicine.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

Mitosis and Cell Cycle

This section provides an overview of the mitosis process in cell division step by step and the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of two main stages: interphase and mitosis. Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms.

During mitosis, a diploid parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Interphase precedes mitosis and involves the production of extra subcellular parts and DNA replication.

Definition: Asexual reproduction is a process that uses one parent to create offspring that are clones, relying on mitosis.

Asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction but results in no variation among offspring.

Highlight: The 4 stages of mitosis are not explicitly mentioned in this section, but they are typically prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Growth in Animals

Animal growth involves an increase in size due to an increase in the number or size of cells. There are two main stages in animal growth:

  1. Cell division
  2. Cell differentiation

Definition: Cell differentiation is the process where cells become specialized for specific functions.

Growth in Plants

Plant growth occurs in three stages:

  1. Cell division
  2. Elongation
  3. Differentiation

Growth in plants can be measured by height, leaf surface area, or mass. Percentage change is often used for calculations.

Highlight: Plants have meristems, which are groups of cells at the ends of shoots and roots that divide rapidly by mitosis.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

Plant Cell Types and Stem Cells

This section discusses specialized plant cells and introduces the concept of stem cells.

Root hair cells are adapted to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil. They have a large surface area to facilitate this function.

Xylem cells transport water up a plant. They are adapted by being dead cells with thick walls and containing pores.

Definition: Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

In plants, stem cells are found in meristems. In animals, there are two types of stem cells:

  1. Embryonic stem cells
  2. Adult stem cells

Highlight: Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of specialized cell, while adult stem cells can only differentiate into the type of specialized cell found in the surrounding tissue.

The Nervous System

The nervous system is an organ system that allows the body to communicate using electrical signals called impulses. Key components include:

  • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • Receptors
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Relay neurons

Vocabulary: Neurotransmission refers to the speed at which impulses travel through the nervous system.

Effectors are parts of the body that carry out responses to stimuli.

I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

Genome Sequencing and Variation

This section explores the applications of genome sequencing and the sources of genetic variation.

Genome sequencing has several important applications:

  1. Gene therapy: Allows for the treatment of genetic disorders by manipulating genes
  2. Personalized medicine: Enables doctors to tailor treatments based on a patient's genetic profile
  3. Gene identification: Helps identify genes linked to various disorders, allowing for informed lifestyle decisions
  4. Improved understanding of inherited diseases: Enhances our knowledge of genetic conditions and potential treatments

Example: Knowing a patient's genetic predisposition to certain medications can help doctors choose the most effective and least harmful treatments.

Genetic variation arises from two main sources:

  1. Genetics: All genetic variation results from mutations, some of which are inherited
  2. Environment: The conditions in which organisms develop can influence their characteristics

Definition: A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence, which can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to an organism.

Mutations can have various outcomes:

  • Undesirable changes: Most mutations are detrimental to protein function
  • Survival advantages: Rarely, mutations may provide benefits, such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria
I overishing fish in small. ose and para- ve to a place on fertilizer anal aquatic SE (D) I revision Paper 1 CB2 Biology Mitosis - • The cel

Genome Sequencing and Its Applications

This section discusses the applications of genome sequencing:

  1. Gene therapy: The human genome project has been useful for developing gene therapies.
  2. Personalized medicine: Knowing a patient's genome can help doctors choose the most effective medications.
  3. Gene identification: Identifying genes linked to different disorders allows those at risk to make informed lifestyle decisions.
  4. Improving understanding of inherited diseases: This leads to better treatment approaches.

Variation and Mutation

Variation in organisms comes from two main sources:

  1. Genetics: All genetic variation results from mutations, some of which are inherited.
  2. Environment: The conditions in which organisms develop.

Definition: A mutation is a change in genetic material that can be either undesirable or provide a survival advantage.

Most mutations are detrimental to protein function, but rarely, they may provide a survival advantage, such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Alleles

Alleles are different versions of the same gene. There are two types:

  1. Dominant alleles: Always expressed, regardless of the other allele's identity.
  2. Recessive alleles: Only expressed if the other allele is also recessive.

Genetic Engineering

The document briefly introduces genetic engineering, mentioning the insertion of insulin-producing genes into bacteria as an example.

Highlight: This section could be expanded to include more information on the role of stem cells in differentiation and the process of how stem cells differentiate into specialized cells.

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Know meiosis and mitosis - summary/key notes thumbnail

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average app rating

13 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.